proposed a USM using multi-layer piezoelectric ceramics. Its structure is a Langevin transducer with a longitudinal-bending coupling mechanism, but a multi-layer piezoelectric ceramic is used to replace the traditional bulk piezoelectric ceramics, which allows the motor to be driven at 10 V. proposed a longitudinal-bending rotary USM with a diameter of only 3 mm. The use of multi-layer piezoelectric actuators to replace the previous bulky piezoelectric ceramics has become an important development direction to reduce the driving voltage, especially in the application of portable products that require greater output. Due to its small volume and limited power, it is usually used for driving smaller devices but is not good for applications requiring large power. The thin-plate piezoelectric structure is easily manufactured and used. This study also provided outlooks for future developments for piezoelectric materials, configurations, fabrication and applications. The proposed design shows great potential for cellphone camera module application, especially in moving sensor image stabilization. When compared with the other 14 reported linear USMs, they ranked as the top 1 and 2 in terms of the thrust-to-volume ratio. The proposed simple bimorph and multi-layer bimorph USMs experimentally showed thrust as high as 3.08 N and 2.57 N with good free speed and structural thicknesses of 0.7 and 0.6 mm, respectively. Several commercial attempts, such as Helimorph, Lobster and the two-degrees-of-freedom ultrasonic motor (USM), were investigated. This study reviewed the progress made in the field of PMLA applications, with a particular focus on the miniaturized dimensions and associated generated output force, speed and maximum output power requirement for various loads. Piezoelectric multi-layered actuators (PMLAs) were developed vigorously in the past decades due to the emergence of portable devices, such as smartphones with a highly compact camera module (CCM) and an image stabilizer (IS). Typically, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is one of the most represented piezoelectric ceramic materials that have been used for multi-layer piezoelectric actuators. This is due to its distinctive advantages of fast response time, huge generative force and the inherent good planar electromechanical coupling factor, as well as other mechanical qualities. Preliminary test results indicate that the 3D-IDE provides improved reliability compared with commercial plate-through type multilayer actuators.Piezoelectric actuators with multi-layer structures have largely gained attention from academic and industry experts. The number of fine electrode lines controls the multiplication of piezoelectric effect, and multilayering is performed perpendicular to the displacement direction. A new structure actuator which does not belong to above categories, a three-dimensional interdigital electrode structure 3D-IDE, is being developed at Tokin Research Lab. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, which are summarized in this report. There are various structures within the cofired multilayer actuators A ceramic multilayer capacitor MLC type, B plate-through with application of insulator at alternate electrodes, and C slits or gaps with MLC structure type. Multilayer actuators can be divided largely into two categories one is a stack type, in which sintered disks are stacked with an alternate electrode in between each ceramic disk, and the other is a cofired type. R and D Lab in Sendai to study multilayer actuator development and reliability issues. since then has purchased the license from NEC to produce the same type actuators. Abstract: It has been a decade since cofired multilayer piezoelectric ceramic actuators became a commercial item in Japan led by the effort at NEC.
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